Surface temperature refers to the temperature of the Earth's surface, which can vary depending on factors such as location, time of day, and weather conditions. Scientists study surface temperature as part of their research on climate change, urban heat islands, weather patterns, and other environmental factors. Surface temperature data is typically collected using a combination of ground-based instruments, satellites, and weather stations, and is used to monitor trends, make predictions, and inform decision-making related to environmental policy and resource management.